ТЕМА 5. Понятие права. Отрасли права. Права человека и гражданина

Exercise 1. Give the English for:

    общественное и моральное поведение, отношения между людьми, неформальные правила, применять законы, система правил, отражать ценности и убеждения, гарантировать мир и порядок, функции и полномочия правительственных организаций, противоправное поведение преступное поведение, осуществлять политику правительства, может быть обвинен и наказан государством, права и обязанности частных лиц, иметь дело с чем-либо (касаться чего-либо), уголовное право, гражданское право, уголовно-исполнительное право, конституционное право, правовые отношения членов семьи, решать проблемы развода, делить имущество, земельное право, владение и пользование землей, наем рабочей силы, условия труда, признать виновным в судебном порядке, эффективная уголовно-исполнительная практика (политика), уголовно-исполнительные системы, определять политику, регулировать отношения между государствами, дипломатическое право.

Exercise 2. Match English and Russian equivalents:

1) Family law	а) преследовать в судебном порядке
2) to deal with	б) гражданское право
3) to prosecute	в) наказывать
4) Common law	г) иметь дело с
5) to punish	д) семейное право
6) Civil law	е) предписывать
7) divorce	ж) частное лицо
8) to prescribe	з) уголовно-исполнительное право
9) Penal law	и) общее право
10) private person	к) развод

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences:

1) In all societies relations between people are regulated by … . 2) Criminal law studies … . 3) Civil law is the law relating to … . 4) In many countries civil law is based on … . 5) Company law is the area of law which is related to … .6) Family law is related to … . 7) Land law is the area of law which deals with … . 8) Labour law is the area of law relating to … . 9) Penal law studies … . 10) International law deals with … .

Exercise 4. Agree or disagree:

1) Administrative law is the law relating to the rights and duties of private persons. 2) Criminal law is the law relating to crime. 3) Civil law is the law relating to the legal forms of executive and administrative activity of a government. 4) Constitutional law is the area of law which is related to businesses organized as companies. 5) Common law is the body of law based on Roman law. 6) Family law settles problems of divorce. 7) Land law is the area of law which deals with rights and interests related to owning and using land. 8) Labour law deals with such subjects as: the freedom of the seas, the rules of war and neutrality, diplomatic law. 9) Penal law studies different penal systems. 10) The United Nations Organizations has the right to force its member countries to obey international law.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1) What does the English word “law” refer to?

2) What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive laws?

3) What are some of the laws like?

4) What do laws reflect?

5) What is administrative law related to?

6) What conduct does criminal law study?

7) What is civil law relating to? What does it deal with?

8)  What does constitutional law define?

9) What is common law based on?

10) What area is the company law related to?

11) What area is family law related to?

12) Why is land law very important?

13) What does labour law include?

14) What is penal law?

15) What subjects does international law deal with?

B

Exercise 1. Open the brackets and use Present, Past or Future Continuous Tense:

1) The investigator (to interrogate) the criminal at 5 yesterday. 2) The judge (to prepare) a criminal case for the trial now. 3) The Government (to take) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system at the end of the year. 4) The police officer (to investigate) the latest robbery. 5) They (to discuss) problems on crime prevention and crime eradication from 3 till 4 yesterday. 6) The Government and Parliament (to encourage) the development of crime prevention schemes next year.

Exercise 2. Transform the sentences into the Past and into the Future:

1) The investigators preparing a case for the prosecution now. 2) The judge is summing up evidence now. 3) They are getting information about the case. 4) We are apprehending a criminal suspect now.

Exercise 3. Transform the sentences and use the Passive Voice:

1) The jury was trying that criminal case from 2 till 4 yesterday. 2) The investigator is collecting evidence now. 3) Police officers will be arresting the gang tomorrow. 4) The judge is passing the sentence just now. 5) They were questioning a suspect at 2 yesterday.

C

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text:

Civil and Public Law

    One important distinction made in many countries is between civil (or private) and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another. The main categories of English civil law are: law of contracts, law of torts, law of trusts, probate law, land law and family law.

• Law of contracts deals with binding agreements between people  or companies.

• Law of torts deals with wrongs committed by one individual against another individual's person, property or reputation.

• Law of trusts concerns arrangements when a person administers property for another person's benefit.

• Probate law concerns arrangements for dealing with property after the owner's death.

• The main categories of public law are criminal law, constitutional law and international law.

• Criminal law deals with wrongs which harm the well being of society, even when they are committed against an individual.

• Constitutional law shows how the law operates and regulates relations between private citizens and the government.

• International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text:

Classifications of Law

    The Law is a set of principles, rules and standards of conduct

• that have general application in the society

• that have been developed by an authority for that society, and

• for the violation of which the society imposes a penalty.

    There are many ways to subdivide the law. One way is to distinguish between substantive law and procedural law.

    Substantive law sets out the rights and duties governing people as they act in society. Duties tend to take the form of command "Do this" or "Don't do this". Substantive law also establishes rights and privileges, for example a freedom of speech or the so-called right of self-defence.

    Procedural law establishes the rules under which the substantive rules of law are enforced. Rules as to what cases a court can decide, how a trial is conducted, and how a judgment by a court is to be-enforced are all part of the procedural law.

    Another important distinction is between criminal law, concerned with wrongful acts harmful to the community, and civil law, concerned with individuals' rights, duties and obligations towards one another. Criminal law defines breaches of duty to society in large. Private duties owed by one person (including corporations) to another are established by civil law. The main subdivisions of civil law are: law of contract, family law, law of torts, constitutional and administrative law, industrial, maritime and ecclesiastical law.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text:

Civil Rights and Liberties

    Civil liberties are freedoms that are guaranteed to the individual. Civil liberties declare what the government cannot do; in contrast, civil rights declare what the government must do or provide.

    Civil rights are powers or privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of the government or other individuals. The right to vote and the right to jury trial in criminal cases are civil rights.

    Civil rights protect certain general human needs and interests, but sometimes conflict with other human needs and interests, this conflict has to be adjusted and resolved in the courts or by legislation.

    Civil liberties are distinguishable from moral liberty or freedom of the will; from political liberties, such as the right to elect and to stand for election; from 'human rights' or 'natural rights'; from economic liberties, such as freedom of contract, trade, competition, of organizing, and of striking; from religious liberties, such as freedom of belief and of worship; and from academic freedom; though there is considerable overlapping, and as law in general protects each of these groups of liberties, some would class all of these within the general group of civil liberties.

D

What is Law? Areas of Law. Civil Rights and Liberties.

1)	law and order	правопорядок
2)	to maintain law and order	поддерживать правопорядок
3)	to protect	защищать
4)	a right	право
5)	human rights	права человека
6)	a liberty (a freedom)	свобода
7)	an individual	лицо, человек, личность
8)	to break a law	нарушить, преступить закон
9)	a punishment (a penalty)	наказание
10)	a fine	штраф
11)	imprisonment	лишение свободы
12)	a system (a body) (of rules, laws)	система (совокупность) (правил, законов)
13)	social (public) relations	общественные отношения
14)	a source	источник
15)	to deal with	иметь дело с
16)	an area (a sphere) of law	отрасль права
17)	Constitutional law	конституционное право
18)	Penal law	уголовно-исполнительное право
19)	Land law	земельное право
20)	Labour law	трудовое право
21)	International law	международное право
22)	Financial law	финансовое право
23)	Civil procedure law	гражданско-процессуальное право
24)	Criminal procedure law	уголовно-процессуальное право
25)	judicial procedure	уголовно-исполнительное право
26)	a case	судебное дело; случай
27)	to prosecute	преследовать в судебном порядке
28)	legal	законный, легальный; правовой, юридический
29)	marriage	заключение брака
30)	divorce	развод
31)	a spouse	супруг(а)
32)	a sentence	судебный приговор
33)	to serve a sentence	отбывать наказание
34)	to commit a crime	совершать преступление
35)	a correctional institution	исправительное учреждение
36)	adoption	удочерение (усыновление)
37)	custody	опекунство
38)	property	имущество
39)	guilty	виновный
40)	to find guilty	признавать виновным
41)	an employer	наниматель, работодатель
42)	an employee	наемный работник, служащий
43)	management	управление
44)	to forbid	запрещать
45)	to authorize	разрешать, санкционировать